ScienceIQ.com

Somewhere Over Which Rainbow?

How many rainbows are there really when we only see one during a rainstorm? The answer isn't as simple as you might think! Rainbows are formed when light enters a water droplet, reflects once inside the droplet, and is reflected back to our eyes. Each raindrop reflects and refracts the light that enters it in all possible ways. When light first ...

Continue reading...

DoubleRainbow
Chemistry

How Sublime

Show of hands. How many of you can't resist playing with dry ice? Dry ice is carbon dioxide frozen to -109.3 degrees F (-78.5 C). Throw a piece in water and it bubbles and boils. Expose a piece to air ... Continue reading

DryIce
Chemistry

Oil Viscosity

Everybody recognizes 'oil' as a word for liquid materials that do not behave like water. They have a 'thickness' and self-cohesive character (autocohesion) that enables them to form a film on a ... Continue reading

OilViscosity
Biology

Beluga Whales

Beluga whales inhabit the Arctic and subarctic regions of Russia, Greenland, and North America. Some populations are strongly migratory, moving north in the spring and south in the fall as the ice ... Continue reading

BelugaWhales
Engineering

Don't Blow A Gasket!

Don't blow a gasket! Who hasn't heard this old adage at some time? What does it actually mean, and for that matter, what is a gasket? Gaskets are simple structures used to fill in and seal the spaces ... Continue reading

DontBlowAGasket

An Invasion of Infiltrators

InfiltratorsWhy might a species be invasive in one country but not a big problem in its native land? As an example, consider a plant that is a major weed in the U.S. but in its native land it may be a minor pest. Many weeds have chemical defense systems that make them taste bad. In the weed's native land the animals that feed on the weed often evolve along with the weed and become resistant to the weed's defense systems.

In its native land, the weed may have insects that eat its roots, maybe another that bores into its stems, while other insects may eat its leaves, and still others eat its seed. Additionally, there may be rodents that also feed on its seeds.

If this weed then starts growing in a new country, there may be few if any animals that are attracted to this weed as a food source. One way to control the weed is to go to its native land and look for what are called 'natural enemies,' that is diseases of the plant and insects that prefer that weed species as food. These natural enemies are then tested to see if they would attack plants in the U.S. other than the intended weed. If there are no problems, then the natural enemy might be released on the weed.