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Serendipity In Science

Most scientists accept the notion that serendipity plays a major role in their work. Too many discoveries have been, after all, the result of 'lucky accidents.' In the 16th century, for example, scalding with oil of elder was the preferred treatment for gunshot wounds. French physician Ambroise Pare learned otherwise when, after running out of oil ...

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SerendipityInScience
Medicine

Mother Nature's Own Brand of Bioterror

We've been hearing a lot about smallpox lately, as a possible bioterror attack. But Mother Nature has her own brand of bioterror. Smallpox has been with us for about ten thousand years, since the ... Continue reading

Bioterror
Geology

What Is The Most Damaging Hazard From A Hurricane?

The greatest potential for loss of life and property related to a hurricane is from the storm surge—water pushed ashore by the force of the winds accompanying a hurricane. Although hurricanes are ... Continue reading

Hurricane
Biology

Splitting Hairs

Pluck a single strand of hair from your head and you've lost what scientists call the hair shaft. The shaft is made of three layers, each inside the other. The outer casing is the cuticle. Under an ... Continue reading

SplittingHairs
Chemistry

Radon, A Rare Element

To the best of our knowledge, the entire universe is constructed from just over a hundred different types of building blocks called atoms. Each has its own characteristic properties, and while there ... Continue reading

RadonARareElement

Vitreous Humor, Sclera and Other Yukky Eye Stuff

HumanEyeEyes are one of the most complex organs humans have. In fact the optic nerve connection to the brain is so complex and delicate that no one has ever succeeded in transplanting the whole eye (the cornea, the clear covering on the front part of the eye, has been successfully transplanted).

The front of the eye consists of a 'pupil' – an opening in the middle of the eyeball which is surrounded by the 'iris' – the muscle-like part that adjusts the size of the pupil opening depending on the amount of incident light (it also defines the color of the eye), and the white 'sclera' on the periphery. Behind the pupil is the 'lens', which focuses the image of the outside world onto the retina at the back of the eye. Light intensity and the color of the picture is then converted into electric signals and sent to the brain via the optic nerve. The eyeball is filled with a transparent, slimy, gel-like substance called 'vitreous humor'.

Ah, and let's not forget the eye-lids, which blink 10 to 15 times a minute to wash away dust and keep our eyes moist. The blink rate actually depends on our emotional state too. It increases when we like someone, or when we feel uncomfortable, stressed or frightened.