ScienceIQ.com

What’s So Different About Ferns?

Most plants reproduce by producing a flower, then seeds. Anthers, considered the male reproductive structure, hold the pollen. The ovum, the female reproductive structure inside the flower, is fertilized by pollen. This reproductive process takes place in flowering plants. What about ferns? They do not produce a flower; they evolved a different ...

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Ferns
Biology

Why Aren't Mice More Like Us?

The sequence of the human genome was published two years ago, and recently, the sequence of the mouse genome was published. Amazingly, 99% of mouse genes have a counterpart in people. So why are they ... Continue reading

Mice
Biology

Sex and the Sea Slug

The sea slug, Aplysia. Now there's an expert on sex. Equipped with both male and female sex organs, this shell-less, subtidal mollusk lives alone most of the year. It loses its self-sufficiency, ... Continue reading

SexSeaSlug
Biology

Water, Water Everywhere, But Not A Drop To Drink

That line, from The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, by Samuel Taylor Coleridge, captures a truism -- we cannot drink salt water to quench our thirst. But why not? The answer lies in understanding the ... Continue reading

WaterWater
Astronomy

Lunar Explorations

Ever since the beginning of intelligent life on Earth, the moon has been a focal point of human curiosity. Galileo’s discovery in 1610 that the moon had craters, valleys and mountains, instead of the ... Continue reading

LunarExplorations

How To Calculate The Circumference Of A Circle

CircumferenceOfACircleA circle is what you get if you take a straight line and bend it around so that its ends touch. You can demonstrate this by taking a piece of stiff wire and doing just that: bring the ends of the wire together end a circle shape will be formed. A true circle has a center, and every point on the line that got bent around to make the circle is exactly the same distance from this central point. That distance is called the radius of the circle. If you were to measure across the center of the circle from one edge to the other, you would be measuring the diameter of the circle. The diameter of a circle is exactly twice the length of the radius of the circle.

Because the length of the line that got bent around to make the circle is a very exact value and doesn't change, it will only make a circle of a certain size. The distance around the edge of the circle is called the circumference, and it can only be the same as the length of that line. There must therefore be a relation between the radius of a circle and the length of that line. The diameter of a circle is related to the circumference through a simple ratio: the value of 2p. If you were to take the original straight line and cut it into pieces so that each piece is as long as the radius of the circle, you would find in the end that you would have six equal pieces and one shorter piece. The circumference of a circle, then, is calculated by the general formula C = 2pr or C = pd.

As an example of how to use this formula, suppose you want to lay out a circular path in a garden to make a flower bed that will be 20 feet across. The path will be made of stones and you have enough stones to make 50 feet of the pathway. Will you need more stones, and if so, how much more will you need? (use p = 3.14) Substituting these values into the formula, you find that your path will be C = p X d. So C equals 3.14 X 20, or 62.8 feet long. Go get more stones.