ScienceIQ.com

How Sublime

Show of hands. How many of you can't resist playing with dry ice? Dry ice is carbon dioxide frozen to -109.3 degrees F (-78.5 C). Throw a piece in water and it bubbles and boils. Expose a piece to air and it turns into white fog. The thing that makes dry ice do these tricks is a process called sublimation. ...

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DryIce
Astronomy

Magnitude of an Astronomical Object

'Visual magnitude' is a scale used by astronomers to measure the brightness of a star. The term 'visual' means the brightness is being measured in the visible part of the spectrum, the part you can ... Continue reading

MagnitudeofanAstronomicalObject
Biology

Genetic Testing And Discrimination

Genetic testing is the use of recombinant DNA technology to obtain information about a person's genome. The first genetic tests were conducted during the 1960s for the disease phenylketonuria (PKU). ... Continue reading

GeneticTestingAndDiscrimination
Biology

Life In The Extreme

Lowly microbes just may be the toughest living things on Earth. They have learned to survive, and indeed flourish, in the harshest environment imaginable, deep-sea rifts. These rifts are chains of ... Continue reading

Microbes
Medicine

What Is a Spinal Cord Injury?

Although the hard bones of the spinal column protect the soft tissues of the spinal cord, vertebrae can still be broken or dislocated in a variety of ways and cause traumatic injury to the spinal ... Continue reading

WhatIsaSpinalCordInjury

Is It Sexism or Racism?

SexismRacismCan you judge a cat by the color of its coat? Well, you can judge the gender by the color of its coat! Only 1 in 27 orange cats are girls, and more surprisingly, only 1 in 3000 calico cats are males!

Like humans, female cats have two X chromosomes and male cats have one X and one Y chromosome. The color of a cat's coat is determined by genes in the X chromosome. The X chromosome carries the black fur gene or the orange fur gene, not both. For a female cat to have calico markings, one of the X chromosomes needs to have the black fur gene, and the other needs to have the orange fur gene. Since male cats have only one X chromosome, it is not possible for them to be orange and black, at least not usually.

Sometimes, an egg cell will have two X chromosomes instead of one, or a sperm cell will have one X and one Y chromosome when it should only have one or the other. The cat will end up with the combination XXY, an extra chromosome! This also happens in humans and is called 'Klinefelter's Syndrome'. In cats, one X chromosome can have the black fur gene, and the other the orange fur gene. The result is a calico male cat that is usually sterile. The next time you see a calico or an orange tabby, you probably can judge whether it's a boy or a girl, and it isn't sexism or racism, it's genetics! Make a bet with someone!