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Inventor Samuel Pierpont Langley

Born in the Boston suburb of Roxbury, Ma., Samuel Langley was one of America's most accomplished scientists. His work as an astronomy, physics, and aeronautics pioneer was highly regarded by the international science community. Ironically though, Langley's formal education ended at the high school level, but he managed to continue his scientific ...

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SamuelPierpontLangley
Biology

The Rapid Movement of the Soybean Rust Pathogen

Soybean rust, caused by the fungus Phakopsora pachyrhizi, results in soybean yield losses of up to 80%. Rust diseases are named for the orange powdery spores produced in leaf pustules. They are easily ... Continue reading

SoybeanRustPathogen
Engineering

Man Versus Machine

Computers and automation are designed to help people. It sounds so simple. If you've ever tried to use a machine that looks easy but turns out to be complicated and confusing, however, you know that ... Continue reading

ManMachine
Astronomy

Galaxy Cluster RDCS 1252.9-2927

A color composite image of the galaxy cluster RDCS 1252.9-2927 shows the X-ray (purple) light from 70-million-degree Celsius gas in the cluster, and the optical (red, yellow and green) light from the ... Continue reading

GalaxyClusterRDCS125292927
Engineering

How Can A Bullet-proof Vest Stop A Bullet?

Here's an experiment: take the small coil springs from a dozen or so retractable pens and roll them together in a heap until they are thoroughly tangled and entwined. Now try to pull them apart from ... Continue reading

BulletproofVestStopABullet

Vitreous Humor, Sclera and Other Yukky Eye Stuff

HumanEyeEyes are one of the most complex organs humans have. In fact the optic nerve connection to the brain is so complex and delicate that no one has ever succeeded in transplanting the whole eye (the cornea, the clear covering on the front part of the eye, has been successfully transplanted).

The front of the eye consists of a 'pupil' – an opening in the middle of the eyeball which is surrounded by the 'iris' – the muscle-like part that adjusts the size of the pupil opening depending on the amount of incident light (it also defines the color of the eye), and the white 'sclera' on the periphery. Behind the pupil is the 'lens', which focuses the image of the outside world onto the retina at the back of the eye. Light intensity and the color of the picture is then converted into electric signals and sent to the brain via the optic nerve. The eyeball is filled with a transparent, slimy, gel-like substance called 'vitreous humor'.

Ah, and let's not forget the eye-lids, which blink 10 to 15 times a minute to wash away dust and keep our eyes moist. The blink rate actually depends on our emotional state too. It increases when we like someone, or when we feel uncomfortable, stressed or frightened.